“冷缺血时间”的版本间的差异
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| − | <h2 style="border-left: 6px solid #1e40af; background: linear-gradient(to right, #eff6ff, #ffffff); color: #1e3a8a; padding: 12px 20px; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; font-weight: bold; border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;"> | + | <div style="margin-bottom: 30px; border-bottom: 1.2px solid #e2e8f0; padding-bottom: 25px;"> |
| + | <p style="font-size: 1.1em; margin: 10px 0; color: #334155; text-align: justify;"> | ||
| + | <strong>超进展</strong> (Hyperprogressive Disease, <strong>HPD</strong>) 是一种与<strong>[[免疫检查点抑制剂]]</strong> (ICI) 治疗相关的反常临床现象,表现为治疗后肿瘤生长速率 (TGR) 较治疗前显著增加(通常增加 ≥50% 或 ≥2倍),导致患者生存期急剧缩短。HPD 的发生与特定的基因组改变密切相关。目前临床共识已将 <strong>[[MDM2]]/[[MDM4]]扩增</strong> 确立为 HPD 的<strong>独立预测因子</strong>。对于 <strong>[[EGFR]]突变</strong>,虽然其主要表现为严重的<strong>[[原发性耐药]]</strong>(无效),但约 20% 的患者仍可观察到 HPD 现象,因此二者均被列入免疫单药治疗的<strong>“黑名单”</strong>。在启动免疫治疗前进行 <strong>[[NGS基因检测]]</strong> 是规避这一灾难性事件的关键。 | ||
| + | </p> | ||
| + | </div> | ||
| + | |||
| + | <div class="medical-infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; max-width: 320px; margin: 0 auto 35px auto; border: 1.2px solid #bae6fd; border-radius: 12px; background-color: #ffffff; box-shadow: 0 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.05); overflow: hidden;"> | ||
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| + | <div style="padding: 15px; color: #1e40af; background: linear-gradient(135deg, #e0f2fe 0%, #bae6fd 100%); text-align: center; cursor: pointer;"> | ||
| + | <div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1.2px;">超进展 (HPD)</div> | ||
| + | <div style="font-size: 0.7em; opacity: 0.85; margin-top: 4px; white-space: nowrap;">Hyperprogressive Disease (点击展开)</div> | ||
| + | </div> | ||
| + | |||
| + | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
| + | <div style="padding: 25px; text-align: center; background-color: #f8fafc;"> | ||
| + | <div style="display: inline-block; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius: 12px; padding: 20px; box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.04);"> | ||
| + | [[Image:HPD_growth_kinetics_curve.png|100px|肿瘤生长动力学曲线对比]] | ||
| + | </div> | ||
| + | <div style="font-size: 0.8em; color: #64748b; margin-top: 12px; font-weight: 600;">治疗后斜率陡增</div> | ||
| + | </div> | ||
| + | |||
| + | <table style="width: 100%; border-spacing: 0; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 0.85em;"> | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; width: 40%;">核心定义</th> | ||
| + | <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">TGR 增加 ≥ 50%</td> | ||
| + | </tr> | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">高危基因</th> | ||
| + | <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #b91c1c;"><strong>MDM2扩增</strong>, <strong>EGFR</strong></td> | ||
| + | </tr> | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">发生率</th> | ||
| + | <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">4% - 29%</td> | ||
| + | </tr> | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">高发人群</th> | ||
| + | <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">高龄 (>65岁)</td> | ||
| + | </tr> | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">处理原则</th> | ||
| + | <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #b91c1c;"><strong>立即停药</strong></td> | ||
| + | </tr> | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569;">鉴别诊断</th> | ||
| + | <td style="padding: 6px 12px; color: #1e40af;">[[假性进展]] (PsPD)</td> | ||
| + | </tr> | ||
| + | </table> | ||
| + | </div> | ||
| + | </div> | ||
| + | |||
| + | <h2 style="border-left: 6px solid #1e40af; background: linear-gradient(to right, #eff6ff, #ffffff); color: #1e3a8a; padding: 12px 20px; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; font-weight: bold; border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;">基因警示:免疫治疗“黑名单” (ICI Blacklist)</h2> | ||
<p style="margin: 15px 0 25px 0; text-align: justify; color: #475569;"> | <p style="margin: 15px 0 25px 0; text-align: justify; color: #475569;"> | ||
| − | + | 以下基因变异通常提示免疫单药治疗<strong>无效</strong>或<strong>有害</strong>,临床应尽量避免使用或需联合其他疗法。 | |
</p> | </p> | ||
<div style="overflow-x: auto; margin-bottom: 30px; border-radius: 8px; box-shadow: 0 10px 15px -3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1), 0 4px 6px -2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;"> | <div style="overflow-x: auto; margin-bottom: 30px; border-radius: 8px; box-shadow: 0 10px 15px -3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1), 0 4px 6px -2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;"> | ||
<table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 0.95em; text-align: left; background-color: #ffffff;"> | <table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 0.95em; text-align: left; background-color: #ffffff;"> | ||
| − | |||
<thead> | <thead> | ||
<tr style="background-color: #1e3a8a; color: #ffffff;"> | <tr style="background-color: #1e3a8a; color: #ffffff;"> | ||
| − | <th style="padding: 16px 20px; font-weight: 600; width: 22%; border-right: 1px solid #3b82f6;"> | + | <th style="padding: 16px 20px; font-weight: 600; width: 22%; border-right: 1px solid #3b82f6;">风险基因</th> |
| − | <th style="padding: 16px 20px; font-weight: 600; width: | + | <th style="padding: 16px 20px; font-weight: 600; width: 15%; border-right: 1px solid #3b82f6;">风险等级</th> |
| − | <th style="padding: 16px 20px; font-weight: 600; width: | + | <th style="padding: 16px 20px; font-weight: 600; width: 40%; border-right: 1px solid #3b82f6;">核心机制 (Mechanism)</th> |
| + | <th style="padding: 16px 20px; font-weight: 600; width: 23%;">临床建议</th> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</thead> | </thead> | ||
| − | |||
<tbody> | <tbody> | ||
| − | |||
<tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;"> | <tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;"> | ||
<td style="padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f8fafc;"> | <td style="padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f8fafc;"> | ||
| − | <div style="font-size: 1.05em; font-weight: bold; color: #0f172a;"> | + | <div style="font-size: 1.05em; font-weight: bold; color: #0f172a;">[[MDM2]] / [[MDM4]]</div> |
| − | <div style="font-size: 0.85em; color: #64748b; margin-top: 4px;"> | + | <div style="font-size: 0.85em; color: #64748b; margin-top: 4px;">(基因扩增)</div> |
</td> | </td> | ||
<td style="padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: top; border-right: 1px solid #f1f5f9;"> | <td style="padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: top; border-right: 1px solid #f1f5f9;"> | ||
| − | <span style="background-color: #fee2e2; color: #991b1b; padding: 2px 8px; border-radius: 4px; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold;"> | + | <span style="background-color: #fee2e2; color: #991b1b; padding: 2px 8px; border-radius: 4px; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold;">极高 (HPD)</span> |
| − | + | </td> | |
| − | + | <td style="padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: top; border-right: 1px solid #f1f5f9; color: #334155;"> | |
| − | + | IFN-γ 信号通路反常地促进 MDM2 过表达,导致肿瘤抑制蛋白 p53 被彻底降解,引发肿瘤爆发式生长。 | |
</td> | </td> | ||
<td style="padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: top;"> | <td style="padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: top;"> | ||
| − | <span style=" | + | <span style="color: #b91c1c; font-weight: bold;">绝对禁忌</span> |
| − | < | + | <div style="font-size: 0.9em; color: #64748b; margin-top: 4px;">立即转为化疗或靶向治疗</div> |
| − | |||
| − | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
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<tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;"> | <tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;"> | ||
<td style="padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff;"> | <td style="padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff;"> | ||
| − | <div style="font-size: 1.05em; font-weight: bold; color: #0f172a;"> | + | <div style="font-size: 1.05em; font-weight: bold; color: #0f172a;">[[EGFR]]</div> |
| − | <div style="font-size: 0.85em; color: #64748b; margin-top: 4px;"> | + | <div style="font-size: 0.85em; color: #64748b; margin-top: 4px;">(驱动突变)</div> |
</td> | </td> | ||
<td style="padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: top; border-right: 1px solid #f1f5f9;"> | <td style="padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: top; border-right: 1px solid #f1f5f9;"> | ||
| − | <span style="background-color: # | + | <span style="background-color: #ffedd5; color: #9a3412; padding: 2px 8px; border-radius: 4px; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold;">高 (耐药+HPD)</span> |
| − | + | </td> | |
| − | + | <td style="padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: top; border-right: 1px solid #f1f5f9; color: #334155;"> | |
| − | + | 免疫微环境呈典型的“荒漠型”;Fc 受体介导的信号可能进一步促进癌细胞增殖。 | |
</td> | </td> | ||
<td style="padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: top;"> | <td style="padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: top;"> | ||
| − | <span style=" | + | <span style="color: #c2410c; font-weight: bold;">首选 TKI</span> |
| − | < | + | <div style="font-size: 0.9em; color: #64748b; margin-top: 4px;">耐药后优选化疗+抗血管</div> |
| − | |||
| − | |||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
| − | <tr | + | <tr> |
<td style="padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f8fafc;"> | <td style="padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f8fafc;"> | ||
| − | <div style="font-size: 1.05em; font-weight: bold; color: #0f172a;"> | + | <div style="font-size: 1.05em; font-weight: bold; color: #0f172a;">[[STK11]] / [[KEAP1]]</div> |
| − | <div style="font-size: 0.85em; color: #64748b; margin-top: 4px;"> | + | <div style="font-size: 0.85em; color: #64748b; margin-top: 4px;">(共突变)</div> |
</td> | </td> | ||
<td style="padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: top; border-right: 1px solid #f1f5f9;"> | <td style="padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: top; border-right: 1px solid #f1f5f9;"> | ||
| − | <span style="background-color: # | + | <span style="background-color: #e0f2fe; color: #075985; padding: 2px 8px; border-radius: 4px; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold;">中 (原发耐药)</span> |
| − | + | </td> | |
| − | + | <td style="padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: top; border-right: 1px solid #f1f5f9; color: #334155;"> | |
| − | + | 导致极度缺乏 CD8+ T 细胞浸润的“冷肿瘤”表型,对 ICI 单药反应率极低。 | |
</td> | </td> | ||
<td style="padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: top;"> | <td style="padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: top;"> | ||
| − | <span style=" | + | <span style="color: #0369a1; font-weight: bold;">避免单药</span> |
| − | < | + | <div style="font-size: 0.9em; color: #64748b; margin-top: 4px;">必须考虑联合方案</div> |
| − | |||
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</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
| + | </tbody> | ||
| + | </table> | ||
| + | </div> | ||
| + | <div style="background-color: #fff7ed; border: 1px solid #fdba74; border-radius: 8px; padding: 20px 25px; margin: 30px 0;"> | ||
| + | <h3 style="margin-top: 0; color: #c2410c; font-size: 1.15em; display: flex; align-items: center; font-weight: bold;"> | ||
| + | <span style="font-size: 1.2em; margin-right: 10px;">⚖️</span> 专家辨析:EGFR 突变属于哪一级风险? | ||
| + | </h3> | ||
| + | <p style="margin-bottom: 15px; text-align: justify; font-size: 1em; color: #334155; line-height: 1.6;"> | ||
| + | <strong>结论:属于“高危规避”范畴,但机制与 MDM2 不同。</strong> | ||
| + | </p> | ||
| + | <ul style="padding-left: 20px; color: #475569; font-size: 0.95em; margin: 0; line-height: 1.7;"> | ||
| + | <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>耐药是主旋律:</strong> 大多数 EGFR 突变患者对 PD-1/PD-L1 单药表现为<strong>[[原发性耐药]]</strong>(有效率 < 5%)。这是因为 EGFR 通路激活会导致 PD-L1 表达上调(虽然高表达,但是是假象),同时抑制 T 细胞募集,形成“免疫荒漠”。</li> | ||
| + | <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>HPD 是潜在风险:</strong> Kato 等人的研究指出,约 <strong>20%</strong> 的 EGFR 突变患者在免疫治疗后出现 HPD。虽然比例低于 MDM2 扩增(>50%),但考虑到 EGFR 患者本身可选的有效靶向药物众多,<strong>冒险使用免疫单药的获益-风险比极低</strong>。</li> | ||
| + | <li style="margin-bottom: 0;"><strong>临床决策:</strong> 无论是否发生 HPD,EGFR 突变患者在一线、二线治疗中均应优先使用 <strong>[[EGFR-TKI]]</strong>。TKI 耐药后,标准推荐是含铂双药化疗+抗血管生成,而非免疫单药。</li> | ||
| + | </ul> | ||
| + | </div> | ||
| + | |||
| + | <h2 style="border-left: 6px solid #1e40af; background: linear-gradient(to right, #eff6ff, #ffffff); color: #1e3a8a; padding: 12px 20px; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; font-weight: bold; border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;">HPD vs PsPD:生死鉴别</h2> | ||
| + | |||
| + | <div style="overflow-x: auto; margin-bottom: 30px; border-radius: 8px; box-shadow: 0 10px 15px -3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;"> | ||
| + | <table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 0.95em; text-align: left; background-color: #ffffff;"> | ||
| + | <thead> | ||
| + | <tr style="background-color: #1e3a8a; color: #ffffff;"> | ||
| + | <th style="padding: 16px 20px; font-weight: 600; width: 20%; border-right: 1px solid #3b82f6;">特征维度</th> | ||
| + | <th style="padding: 16px 20px; font-weight: 600; width: 40%; border-right: 1px solid #3b82f6;">超进展 (HPD)</th> | ||
| + | <th style="padding: 16px 20px; font-weight: 600; width: 40%;">假性进展 (PsPD)</th> | ||
| + | </tr> | ||
| + | </thead> | ||
| + | <tbody> | ||
| + | <tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;"> | ||
| + | <td style="padding: 18px 20px; font-weight: bold; color: #0f172a; background-color: #f8fafc;">临床状态</td> | ||
| + | <td style="padding: 18px 20px; background-color: #fff1f2; border-right: 1px solid #f1f5f9;"> | ||
| + | <span style="color: #991b1b; font-weight: bold;">迅速恶化</span> | ||
| + | <div style="font-size: 0.9em; color: #7f1d1d; margin-top: 4px;">疼痛加剧,PS 评分下降</div> | ||
| + | </td> | ||
| + | <td style="padding: 18px 20px; background-color: #f0fdf4;"> | ||
| + | <span style="color: #166534; font-weight: bold;">良好/稳定</span> | ||
| + | <div style="font-size: 0.9em; color: #14532d; margin-top: 4px;">无明显痛苦,感觉良好</div> | ||
| + | </td> | ||
| + | </tr> | ||
| + | <tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;"> | ||
| + | <td style="padding: 18px 20px; font-weight: bold; color: #0f172a; background-color: #ffffff;">发生时间</td> | ||
| + | <td style="padding: 18px 20px; border-right: 1px solid #f1f5f9;">极早 (< 8周)</td> | ||
| + | <td style="padding: 18px 20px;">任意时间 (常见 12周内)</td> | ||
| + | </tr> | ||
| + | <tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;"> | ||
| + | <td style="padding: 18px 20px; font-weight: bold; color: #0f172a; background-color: #f8fafc;">液体活检 (ctDNA)</td> | ||
| + | <td style="padding: 18px 20px; border-right: 1px solid #f1f5f9; color: #b91c1c; font-weight: bold;">显著飙升 ↗</td> | ||
| + | <td style="padding: 18px 20px; color: #15803d; font-weight: bold;">显著下降 ↘ 或转阴</td> | ||
| + | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
| − | <td style="padding: 18px 20px; | + | <td style="padding: 18px 20px; font-weight: bold; color: #0f172a; background-color: #ffffff;">临床决策</td> |
| − | + | <td style="padding: 18px 20px; border-right: 1px solid #f1f5f9;"> | |
| − | < | + | <span style="background-color: #fee2e2; color: #991b1b; padding: 2px 8px; border-radius: 4px; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold;">立即停药</span> |
</td> | </td> | ||
| − | <td style="padding: 18px 20px | + | <td style="padding: 18px 20px;"> |
| − | + | <span style="background-color: #dcfce7; color: #166534; padding: 2px 8px; border-radius: 4px; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold;">继续用药</span> | |
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| − | <span style="background-color: #dcfce7; color: #166534; padding: 2px 8px; border-radius: 4px; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold;"> | ||
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</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
| + | </tbody> | ||
| + | </table> | ||
| + | </div> | ||
| − | </ | + | <div style="font-size: 0.92em; line-height: 1.6; color: #1e293b; margin-top: 50px; border-top: 2px solid #0f172a; padding: 15px 25px; background-color: #f8fafc; border-radius: 0 0 10px 10px;"> |
| + | <span style="color: #0f172a; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.05em; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 15px;">学术参考文献与权威点评</span> | ||
| + | |||
| + | <p style="margin: 12px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; padding-bottom: 10px;"> | ||
| + | [1] <strong>Champiat S, et al. (2017).</strong> <em>Hyperprogressive Disease Is a New Pattern of Progression in Cancer Patients Treated With Anti-PD-1/PD-L1.</em> <strong>[[Clinical Cancer Research]]</strong>. 2017;23(8):1920-1928.<br> | ||
| + | <span style="color: #475569;">[核心定义]:首次系统性定义了 HPD,提出了基于 TGR (肿瘤生长速率) 的评估标准,并指出高龄是独立风险因素。</span> | ||
| + | </p> | ||
| + | |||
| + | <p style="margin: 12px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; padding-bottom: 10px;"> | ||
| + | [2] <strong>Kato S, et al. (2017).</strong> <em>Hyperprogressors after Immunotherapy: Analysis of Genomic Alterations Associated with Accelerated Growth Rate.</em> <strong>[[Clinical Cancer Research]]</strong>. 2017;23(15):4242-4250.<br> | ||
| + | <span style="color: #475569;">[基因发现]:开创性研究,首次揭示 MDM2/4 扩增与 EGFR 突变是 HPD 的特异性基因组驱动因素,HPD发生率在 MDM2 扩增组高达 50% 以上。</span> | ||
| + | </p> | ||
| + | |||
| + | <p style="margin: 12px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; padding-bottom: 10px;"> | ||
| + | [3] <strong>Singavi AK, et al. (2017).</strong> <em>Predictive biomarkers for hyperprogression (HP) in response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI).</em> <strong>[[Annals of Oncology]]</strong>. 2017;28(suppl_5):v403-v427.<br> | ||
| + | <span style="color: #475569;">[泛癌种验证]:在更大规模的泛癌种队列中验证了 MDM2 扩增与 HPD 的强相关性,进一步巩固了其作为“免疫黑名单”基因的地位。</span> | ||
| + | </p> | ||
| + | |||
| + | <p style="margin: 12px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; padding-bottom: 10px;"> | ||
| + | [4] <strong>Ferrara R, et al. (2018).</strong> <em>Hyperprogressive Disease in Patients With Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated With PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors or With Single-Agent Chemotherapy.</em> <strong>[[JAMA Oncology]]</strong>. 2018;4(11):1543-1552.<br> | ||
| + | <span style="color: #475569;">[肺癌数据]:大型回顾性研究,证实在 NSCLC 中,HPD 仅发生于免疫治疗组(约 13.8%),化疗组无此现象。虽然 EGFR 突变患者预后极差,但其 HPD 发生率在该研究中低于 MDM2 扩增者。</span> | ||
| + | </p> | ||
| + | </div> | ||
| + | |||
| + | <div style="margin: 40px 0; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius: 8px; overflow: hidden; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 0.9em;"> | ||
| + | <div style="background-color: #eff6ff; color: #1e40af; padding: 8px 15px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbeafe;"> | ||
| + | 超进展 (HPD) · 知识图谱 | ||
| + | </div> | ||
| + | <table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #ffffff;"> | ||
| + | <tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f5f9;"> | ||
| + | <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">黑名单基因</td> | ||
| + | <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[MDM2]] (扩增) • [[EGFR]] (突变) • [[MDM4]] • [[STK11]] (原发耐药)</td> | ||
| + | </tr> | ||
| + | <tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f5f9;"> | ||
| + | <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">关键机制</td> | ||
| + | <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[IFN-γ悖论]] • [[p53失活]] • [[Fc受体]] • [[肿瘤生长速率]] (TGR)</td> | ||
| + | </tr> | ||
| + | <tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f5f9;"> | ||
| + | <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">鉴别诊断</td> | ||
| + | <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[假性进展]] (PsPD) • [[iRECIST]] • [[ctDNA]] (液体活检)</td> | ||
| + | </tr> | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">临床管理</td> | ||
| + | <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[NGS筛查]] • [[立即停药]] • [[挽救性化疗]] • [[EGFR-TKI]]</td> | ||
| + | </tr> | ||
</table> | </table> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
2026年1月2日 (五) 08:26的版本
超进展 (Hyperprogressive Disease, HPD) 是一种与免疫检查点抑制剂 (ICI) 治疗相关的反常临床现象,表现为治疗后肿瘤生长速率 (TGR) 较治疗前显著增加(通常增加 ≥50% 或 ≥2倍),导致患者生存期急剧缩短。HPD 的发生与特定的基因组改变密切相关。目前临床共识已将 MDM2/MDM4扩增 确立为 HPD 的独立预测因子。对于 EGFR突变,虽然其主要表现为严重的原发性耐药(无效),但约 20% 的患者仍可观察到 HPD 现象,因此二者均被列入免疫单药治疗的“黑名单”。在启动免疫治疗前进行 NGS基因检测 是规避这一灾难性事件的关键。
基因警示:免疫治疗“黑名单” (ICI Blacklist)
以下基因变异通常提示免疫单药治疗无效或有害,临床应尽量避免使用或需联合其他疗法。
| 风险基因 | 风险等级 | 核心机制 (Mechanism) | 临床建议 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
(基因扩增)
|
极高 (HPD)
|
IFN-γ 信号通路反常地促进 MDM2 过表达,导致肿瘤抑制蛋白 p53 被彻底降解,引发肿瘤爆发式生长。 |
绝对禁忌
立即转为化疗或靶向治疗
|
|
(驱动突变)
|
高 (耐药+HPD)
|
免疫微环境呈典型的“荒漠型”;Fc 受体介导的信号可能进一步促进癌细胞增殖。 |
首选 TKI
耐药后优选化疗+抗血管
|
|
(共突变)
|
中 (原发耐药)
|
导致极度缺乏 CD8+ T 细胞浸润的“冷肿瘤”表型,对 ICI 单药反应率极低。 |
避免单药
必须考虑联合方案
|
⚖️ 专家辨析:EGFR 突变属于哪一级风险?
结论:属于“高危规避”范畴,但机制与 MDM2 不同。
- 耐药是主旋律: 大多数 EGFR 突变患者对 PD-1/PD-L1 单药表现为原发性耐药(有效率 < 5%)。这是因为 EGFR 通路激活会导致 PD-L1 表达上调(虽然高表达,但是是假象),同时抑制 T 细胞募集,形成“免疫荒漠”。
- HPD 是潜在风险: Kato 等人的研究指出,约 20% 的 EGFR 突变患者在免疫治疗后出现 HPD。虽然比例低于 MDM2 扩增(>50%),但考虑到 EGFR 患者本身可选的有效靶向药物众多,冒险使用免疫单药的获益-风险比极低。
- 临床决策: 无论是否发生 HPD,EGFR 突变患者在一线、二线治疗中均应优先使用 EGFR-TKI。TKI 耐药后,标准推荐是含铂双药化疗+抗血管生成,而非免疫单药。
HPD vs PsPD:生死鉴别
| 特征维度 | 超进展 (HPD) | 假性进展 (PsPD) |
|---|---|---|
| 临床状态 |
迅速恶化
疼痛加剧,PS 评分下降
|
良好/稳定
无明显痛苦,感觉良好
|
| 发生时间 | 极早 (< 8周) | 任意时间 (常见 12周内) |
| 液体活检 (ctDNA) | 显著飙升 ↗ | 显著下降 ↘ 或转阴 |
| 临床决策 |
立即停药
|
继续用药
|
学术参考文献与权威点评
[1] Champiat S, et al. (2017). Hyperprogressive Disease Is a New Pattern of Progression in Cancer Patients Treated With Anti-PD-1/PD-L1. Clinical Cancer Research. 2017;23(8):1920-1928.
[核心定义]:首次系统性定义了 HPD,提出了基于 TGR (肿瘤生长速率) 的评估标准,并指出高龄是独立风险因素。
[2] Kato S, et al. (2017). Hyperprogressors after Immunotherapy: Analysis of Genomic Alterations Associated with Accelerated Growth Rate. Clinical Cancer Research. 2017;23(15):4242-4250.
[基因发现]:开创性研究,首次揭示 MDM2/4 扩增与 EGFR 突变是 HPD 的特异性基因组驱动因素,HPD发生率在 MDM2 扩增组高达 50% 以上。
[3] Singavi AK, et al. (2017). Predictive biomarkers for hyperprogression (HP) in response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Annals of Oncology. 2017;28(suppl_5):v403-v427.
[泛癌种验证]:在更大规模的泛癌种队列中验证了 MDM2 扩增与 HPD 的强相关性,进一步巩固了其作为“免疫黑名单”基因的地位。
[4] Ferrara R, et al. (2018). Hyperprogressive Disease in Patients With Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated With PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors or With Single-Agent Chemotherapy. JAMA Oncology. 2018;4(11):1543-1552.
[肺癌数据]:大型回顾性研究,证实在 NSCLC 中,HPD 仅发生于免疫治疗组(约 13.8%),化疗组无此现象。虽然 EGFR 突变患者预后极差,但其 HPD 发生率在该研究中低于 MDM2 扩增者。