https://www.yiliao.com/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=TD50
TD50 - 版本历史
2026-04-09T20:49:44Z
本wiki的该页面的版本历史
MediaWiki 1.35.1
https://www.yiliao.com/index.php?title=TD50&diff=316275&oldid=prev
77921020：建立内容为“<div style="padding: 0 4%; line-height: 1.8; color: #1e293b; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'PingFang SC', Arial, sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff…”的新页面
2026-02-03T13:35:30Z
<p>建立内容为“<div style="padding: 0 4%; line-height: 1.8; color: #1e293b; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'PingFang SC', Arial, sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff…”的新页面</p>
<p><b>新页面</b></p><div><div style="padding: 0 4%; line-height: 1.8; color: #1e293b; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'PingFang SC', Arial, sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff; max-width: 1200px; margin: auto;"><br />
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 30px; border-bottom: 1.2px solid #e2e8f0; padding-bottom: 25px;"><br />
<p style="font-size: 1.1em; margin: 10px 0; color: #334155; text-align: justify;"><br />
<strong>TD<sub>50</sub></strong>（Median Toxic Dose，半数中毒量）是 <strong>[[Toxicology]] (毒理学)</strong> 和 <strong>[[Pharmacodynamics]] (药效学)</strong> 中用于评估药物安全性的关键指标。它定义为在指定的实验条件下，能使 50% 的群体产生特定<strong>毒性反应</strong>（Toxic Effect）的剂量。与 <strong>[[LD50]] (半数致死量)</strong> 不同，TD<sub>50</sub> 的终点是“毒性”而非“死亡”，这使得它在人类临床试验中更具伦理可行性和实际意义。它是计算临床 <strong>[[Therapeutic Index]] (治疗指数)</strong> 的分子，用于衡量药物在产生疗效（<strong>[[ED50]]</strong>）与引发毒性之间的安全距离。<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="medical-infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; max-width: 320px; margin: 0 auto 35px auto; border: 1.2px solid #bae6fd; border-radius: 12px; background-color: #ffffff; box-shadow: 0 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.05); overflow: hidden;"><br />
<br />
<div style="padding: 15px; color: #1e40af; background: linear-gradient(135deg, #e0f2fe 0%, #bae6fd 100%); text-align: center; cursor: pointer;"><br />
<div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1.2px;">TD<sub>50</sub></div><br />
<div style="font-size: 0.7em; opacity: 0.85; margin-top: 4px; white-space: nowrap;">Median Toxic Dose (点击展开)</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><br />
<div style="padding: 25px; text-align: center; background-color: #f8fafc;"><br />
<div style="width: 100px; height: 100px; background-color: #e2e8f0; border-radius: 50%; margin: 0 auto; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; color: #94a3b8; font-size: 0.8em;"><br />
<br />
</div><br />
<div style="font-size: 0.8em; color: #64748b; margin-top: 12px; font-weight: 600;">临床安全性的红线</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<table style="width: 100%; border-spacing: 0; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 0.85em;"><br />
<tr><br />
<th colspan="2" style="padding: 8px 12px; background-color: #e0f2fe; color: #1e40af; text-align: left; font-size: 0.9em; border-top: 1px solid #bae6fd;">参数属性</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; width: 40%;">中文全称</th><br />
<td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">半数中毒量</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">应用场景</th><br />
<td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #1e40af;">临床试验 / 动物实验</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">常用单位</th><br />
<td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">mg/kg</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">测定终点</th><br />
<td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #16a34a;">特定不良反应 (ADR)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<th colspan="2" style="padding: 8px 12px; background-color: #e0f2fe; color: #1e40af; text-align: left; font-size: 0.9em; border-top: 1px solid #bae6fd;">关联指标</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">致死对应</th><br />
<td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #e11d48;">[[LD50]] (主要用于动物)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">疗效对应</th><br />
<td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">[[ED50]] (有效)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">计算公式</th><br />
<td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #1e40af;">TI = TD<sub>50</sub> / ED<sub>50</sub></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #475569;">体外对应</th><br />
<td style="padding: 6px 12px; color: #0f172a;">TC<sub>50</sub> (浓度)</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">定义解析：毒性不等于死亡</h2><br />
<br />
<p style="margin: 15px 0; text-align: justify;"><br />
在药物研发的早期阶段（临床前动物实验），科学家使用 <strong>[[LD50]]</strong> 来评估急性毒性。然而，在人类临床试验中，以“死亡”为终点是不可接受的。因此，药理学家使用 <strong>TD<sub>50</sub></strong> 来描述产生特定<strong>[[Adverse Drug Reaction]] (药物不良反应)</strong> 的剂量。<br />
</p><br />
<br />
<div style="background-color: #f0f9ff; border-left: 5px solid #1e40af; padding: 15px 20px; margin: 20px 0; border-radius: 4px;"><br />
<h3 style="margin-top: 0; color: #1e40af; font-size: 1.1em;">“毒性”是相对的</h3><br />
<p style="margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify; font-size: 0.9em; color: #334155;"><br />
TD<sub>50</sub> 的数值取决于如何定义“毒性”。同一种药物可能有多个 TD<sub>50</sub> 值：<br />
<br>● <strong>轻微毒性：</strong> 如阿司匹林引起“耳鸣”的 TD<sub>50</sub>。<br />
<br>● <strong>严重毒性：</strong> 如阿司匹林引起“胃出血”的 TD<sub>50</sub>。<br />
<br>通常，临床参考的是<strong>剂量限制性毒性 (DLT)</strong> 对应的 TD<sub>50</sub>。<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">核心应用：治疗指数 (Clinical TI)</h2><br />
<br />
<p style="margin: 15px 0; text-align: justify;"><br />
在人体药理学中，<strong>[[Therapeutic Index]] (治疗指数)</strong> 的计算公式通常采用 TD<sub>50</sub> 而非 LD<sub>50</sub>：<br />
</p><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center; margin: 20px 0; padding: 15px; background: #fff; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius: 8px; font-family: 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 1.1em; color: #1e40af; font-weight: bold;"><br />
TI = TD<sub>50</sub> / ED<sub>50</sub><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<ul style="padding-left: 25px; color: #334155; margin-top: 15px;"><br />
<li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>宽治疗窗 (High TI)：</strong> 如青霉素。TD<sub>50</sub> 极大，ED<sub>50</sub> 极小。即使剂量增加几倍也不易中毒。</li><br />
<li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>窄治疗窗 (Low TI)：</strong> 如<strong>[[Warfarin]] (华法林)</strong>、<strong>[[Digoxin]] (地高辛)</strong>。TD<sub>50</sub> 与 ED<sub>50</sub> 非常接近（TI ≈ 2）。这意味着治疗量加倍就可能变成中毒量，必须进行 <strong>[[TDM]] (治疗药物监测)</strong>。</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
<h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">参数辨析：LD50 vs TD50 vs ED50</h2><br />
<br />
<div style="overflow-x: auto; margin: 20px auto;"><br />
<table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1.2px solid #cbd5e1; font-size: 0.9em; text-align: left;"><br />
<tr style="background-color: #f1f5f9; border-bottom: 2px solid #0f172a;"><br />
<th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #0f172a; width: 15%;">参数</th><br />
<th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #1e40af; width: 25%;">定义</th><br />
<th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #475569; width: 60%;">主要应用领域</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">[[LD50]]</td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">半数<strong>致死</strong>量</td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">动物毒理学实验、化学品危险分级。不用于临床。</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600; color: #e11d48;">TD<sub>50</sub></td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #e11d48;">半数<strong>中毒</strong>量</td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #e11d48;">人类临床试验、药物安全性评价、治疗指数计算。</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">[[ED50]]</td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">半数<strong>有效</strong>量</td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">药效学评估。衡量药物的效价强度 (Potency)。</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div style="font-size: 0.92em; line-height: 1.6; color: #1e293b; margin-top: 50px; border-top: 2px solid #0f172a; padding: 15px 25px; background-color: #f8fafc; border-radius: 0 0 10px 10px;"><br />
<span style="color: #0f172a; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.05em; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 15px;">学术参考文献 [Academic Review]</span><br />
<br />
<p style="margin: 12px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; padding-bottom: 10px;"><br />
[1] <strong>Katzung BG. (2021).</strong> <em>Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.</em> <strong>[[McGraw-Hill]]</strong>. <br><br />
<span style="color: #475569;">[点评]：经典临床药理学教材，详细阐述了在临床环境中用 TD<sub>50</sub> 替代 LD<sub>50</sub> 计算治疗指数的必要性。</span><br />
</p><br />
<br />
<p style="margin: 12px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; padding-bottom: 10px;"><br />
[2] <strong>Goodman LS, et al. (2017).</strong> <em>Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics.</em> <strong>[[McGraw-Hill Education]]</strong>. <br><br />
<span style="color: #475569;">[点评]：药理学领域的权威著作，讨论了质反应曲线 (Quantal Dose-Response Curves) 的统计学意义及 TD<sub>50</sub> 的测定方法。</span><br />
</p><br />
<br />
<p style="margin: 12px 0;"><br />
[3] <strong>Muller PY, Milton MN. (2012).</strong> <em>The determination and interpretation of the therapeutic index in drug development.</em> <strong>[[Nature Reviews Drug Discovery]]</strong>. <br><br />
<span style="color: #475569;">[点评]：深度综述，探讨了如何在新药研发中利用 TD<sub>50</sub> 和 ED<sub>50</sub> 来优化候选药物的安全性特征。</span><br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 40px 0; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius: 8px; overflow: hidden; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 0.9em;"><br />
<div style="background-color: #eff6ff; color: #1e40af; padding: 8px 15px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbeafe;"><br />
药效与安全性 · 知识图谱<br />
</div><br />
<table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #ffffff;"><br />
<tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f5f9;"><br />
<td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">上级概念</td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[Pharmacodynamics]] • [[Toxicology]]</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f5f9;"><br />
<td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">平行指标</td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[ED50]] (有效) • [[LD50]] (致死) • [[IC50]] (抑制)</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">核心应用</td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[Therapeutic Index]] • [[Drug Safety]] • [[Clinical Trials]]</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
</div><br />
<br />
</div></div>
77921020