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Pharmacodynamics - 版本历史
2026-04-09T18:36:36Z
本wiki的该页面的版本历史
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https://www.yiliao.com/index.php?title=Pharmacodynamics&diff=316266&oldid=prev
2026年2月3日 (二) 09:37 77921020
2026-02-03T09:37:37Z
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">←上一版本</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">2026年2月3日 (二) 09:37的版本</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l76" >第76行：</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第76行：</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <div style="background-color: #f0f9ff; border-left: 5px solid #1e40af; padding: 15px 20px; margin: 20px 0; border-radius: 4px;"></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <div style="background-color: #f0f9ff; border-left: 5px solid #1e40af; padding: 15px 20px; margin: 20px 0; border-radius: 4px;"></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <ul style="margin: 0; padding-left: 20px; color: #334155;"></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <ul style="margin: 0; padding-left: 20px; color: #334155;"></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[Agonist]] (激动剂)：</strong> 既有亲和力（能结合），又有<strong>内在活性 (Intrinsic Activity, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">$\alpha</del>=1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">$</del>)</strong>。结合后能激活受体，产生生理效应（如吗啡激活阿片受体）。</li></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[Agonist]] (激动剂)：</strong> 既有亲和力（能结合），又有<strong>内在活性 (Intrinsic Activity, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">α</ins>=1)</strong>。结合后能激活受体，产生生理效应（如吗啡激活阿片受体）。</li></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[Antagonist]] (拮抗剂)：</strong> 只有亲和力，<strong>无内在活性 (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">$\alpha</del>=0<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">$</del>)</strong>。结合后不产生效应，但会阻碍激动剂的结合（如纳洛酮阻断阿片受体）。</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[Antagonist]] (拮抗剂)：</strong> 只有亲和力，<strong>无内在活性 (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">α</ins>=0)</strong>。结合后不产生效应，但会阻碍激动剂的结合（如纳洛酮阻断阿片受体）。</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <br><span style="font-size:0.9em; color:#64748b;">• 竞争性拮抗：可被增加的激动剂浓度逆转。</span></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <br><span style="font-size:0.9em; color:#64748b;">• 竞争性拮抗：可被增加的激动剂浓度逆转。</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <br><span style="font-size:0.9em; color:#64748b;">• 非竞争性拮抗：结合位点不同或共价结合，无法被逆转。</span></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <br><span style="font-size:0.9em; color:#64748b;">• 非竞争性拮抗：结合位点不同或共价结合，无法被逆转。</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </li></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </li></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <li style="margin-bottom: 0;"><strong>Partial Agonist (部分激动剂)：</strong> 有亲和力，但内在活性较弱 (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">$</del>0 < <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">\alpha </del>< 1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">$</del>)。无论剂量多大，都无法达到最大效应（如丁丙诺啡）。</li></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <li style="margin-bottom: 0;"><strong>Partial Agonist (部分激动剂)：</strong> 有亲和力，但内在活性较弱 (0 < <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">α </ins>< 1)。无论剂量多大，都无法达到最大效应（如丁丙诺啡）。</li></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </ul></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </ul></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l88" >第88行：</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第88行：</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <p style="margin: 15px 0; text-align: justify;"></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <p style="margin: 15px 0; text-align: justify;"></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> 药效学通过 <strong>[[Dose-Response Curve]] (量效曲线)</strong> 来定量描述药物浓度 (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">$</del>C<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">$</del>) 与效应 (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">$</del>E<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">$</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">之间的关系，通常符合 </del><strong>Hill 方程</strong>：</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> 药效学通过 <strong>[[Dose-Response Curve]] (量效曲线)</strong> 来定量描述药物浓度 (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><i></ins>C<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></i></ins>) 与效应 (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><i></ins>E<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></i></ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">之间的关系，其核心数学模型为 </ins><strong>Hill 方程</strong>：</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </p></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <div style="text-align: center; margin: 20px 0; padding: 15px; background: #fff; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius: 8px;"></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <div style="text-align: center; margin: 20px 0; padding: 15px; background: #fff; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius: 8px<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">; font-family: 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 1.1em; color: #1e40af; font-weight: bold</ins>;"></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">$$</del>E = <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">\frac{E_{</del>max<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">} \cdot </del>C<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">^</del>n<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}{EC_{</del>50<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}^</del>n + C<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">^</del>n<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}$$</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> E = <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(E<sub></ins>max<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></sub> × </ins>C<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><sup></ins>n<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></sup>) / (EC<sub></ins>50<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></sub><sup></ins>n<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></sup> </ins>+ C<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><sup></ins>n<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></sup>)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l116" >第116行：</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第116行：</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <tr></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <tr></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">Slope<br>(斜率)</td></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">Slope<br>(斜率)</td></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">Hill Coeff.</td></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">Hill Coeff. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(<i>n</i>)</ins></td></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">曲线陡峭程度。陡峭意味着剂量微小变化会导致效应剧烈波动，需精准给药。</td></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">曲线陡峭程度。陡峭意味着剂量微小变化会导致效应剧烈波动，需精准给药。</td></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </tr></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </tr></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l131" >第131行：</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">第131行：</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <h3 style="margin-top: 0; color: #9f1239; font-size: 1.1em;">[[Therapeutic Index]] (TI)</h3></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <h3 style="margin-top: 0; color: #9f1239; font-size: 1.1em;">[[Therapeutic Index]] (TI)</h3></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <p style="margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify; font-size: 0.9em; color: #334155;"></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <p style="margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify; font-size: 0.9em; color: #334155;"></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">$$</del>TI = <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">\frac{LD_{</del>50<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}{ED_{</del>50<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}$$ (动物实验) &nbsp; 或 &nbsp; $$TI = \frac{TD_{50}}{ED_{50}}$$ (临床)</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><strong></ins>TI = <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">TD<sub></ins>50<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></sub> / ED<sub></ins>50<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></sub></strong></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <br></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> ● <strong>ED<sub>50</sub> (Median Effective Dose)：</strong> 半数有效量。</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> ● <strong>ED<sub>50</sub> (Median Effective Dose)：</strong> 半数有效量。</div></td></tr>
</table>
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2026-02-03T09:28:52Z
<p>建立内容为“<div style="padding: 0 4%; line-height: 1.8; color: #1e293b; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'PingFang SC', Arial, sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff…”的新页面</p>
<p><b>新页面</b></p><div><div style="padding: 0 4%; line-height: 1.8; color: #1e293b; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'PingFang SC', Arial, sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff; max-width: 1200px; margin: auto;"><br />
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<strong>Pharmacodynamics</strong>（PD，药效学）是药理学的一个核心分支，主要研究药物对生物体的生理、生化作用及其作用机制。简而言之，如果 <strong>[[Pharmacokinetics]] (PK)</strong> 研究的是“身体对药物做了什么”，那么 PD 研究的就是“药物对身体做了什么”。药效学重点关注药物浓度与效应之间的定量关系（<strong>[[Dose-Response Relationship]]</strong>），探讨药物如何通过与生物大分子（如 <strong>[[Receptor]] (受体)</strong>、酶、离子通道）结合来启动信号转导，最终产生治疗作用或毒性反应。<br />
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<div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1.2px;">Pharmacodynamics</div><br />
<div style="font-size: 0.7em; opacity: 0.85; margin-top: 4px; white-space: nowrap;">What the drug does to the body (点击展开)</div><br />
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<div style="font-size: 0.8em; color: #64748b; margin-top: 12px; font-weight: 600;">药物作用机制</div><br />
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<th colspan="2" style="padding: 8px 12px; background-color: #e0f2fe; color: #1e40af; text-align: left; font-size: 0.9em; border-top: 1px solid #bae6fd;">学科参数</th><br />
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<th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; width: 40%;">缩写</th><br />
<td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">PD</td><br />
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<th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">核心理论</th><br />
<td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #1e40af;">受体占领学说 (Receptor Theory)</td><br />
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<th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">主要靶点</th><br />
<td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">[[GPCR]], 离子通道, 酶</td><br />
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<th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">对应学科</th><br />
<td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #16a34a;">[[Pharmacokinetics]] (PK)</td><br />
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<th colspan="2" style="padding: 8px 12px; background-color: #e0f2fe; color: #1e40af; text-align: left; font-size: 0.9em; border-top: 1px solid #bae6fd;">关键指标</th><br />
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<th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">效能 (Efficacy)</th><br />
<td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #1e40af;">E<sub>max</sub></td><br />
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<th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">效价 (Potency)</th><br />
<td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">EC<sub>50</sub> / ED<sub>50</sub></td><br />
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<th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">亲和力</th><br />
<td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">K<sub>d</sub></td><br />
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<th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #475569;">安全指标</th><br />
<td style="padding: 6px 12px; color: #e11d48;">[[Therapeutic Index]] (TI)</td><br />
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<h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">核心机制：药物与受体</h2><br />
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大多数药物通过与细胞上的特定靶点（<strong>[[Receptor]]</strong>）结合来发挥作用。根据药物结合后的“行为”，可将其分为以下几类：<br />
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<li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[Agonist]] (激动剂)：</strong> 既有亲和力（能结合），又有<strong>内在活性 (Intrinsic Activity, $\alpha=1$)</strong>。结合后能激活受体，产生生理效应（如吗啡激活阿片受体）。</li><br />
<li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[Antagonist]] (拮抗剂)：</strong> 只有亲和力，<strong>无内在活性 ($\alpha=0$)</strong>。结合后不产生效应，但会阻碍激动剂的结合（如纳洛酮阻断阿片受体）。<br />
<br><span style="font-size:0.9em; color:#64748b;">• 竞争性拮抗：可被增加的激动剂浓度逆转。</span><br />
<br><span style="font-size:0.9em; color:#64748b;">• 非竞争性拮抗：结合位点不同或共价结合，无法被逆转。</span><br />
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0;"><strong>Partial Agonist (部分激动剂)：</strong> 有亲和力，但内在活性较弱 ($0 < \alpha < 1$)。无论剂量多大，都无法达到最大效应（如丁丙诺啡）。</li><br />
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<h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">量效关系：效能 vs. 效价</h2><br />
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药效学通过 <strong>[[Dose-Response Curve]] (量效曲线)</strong> 来定量描述药物浓度 ($C$) 与效应 ($E$) 之间的关系，通常符合 <strong>Hill 方程</strong>：<br />
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$$E = \frac{E_{max} \cdot C^n}{EC_{50}^n + C^n}$$<br />
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<th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #0f172a; width: 20%;">指标</th><br />
<th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #1e40af; width: 20%;">符号</th><br />
<th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #475569; width: 60%;">临床意义</th><br />
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<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">Efficacy<br>(最大效能)</td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">E<sub>max</sub></td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">药物能产生的<strong>最大效应</strong>。反映药物的内在活性。临床上通常比效价更重要（能治好病才是关键）。</td><br />
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<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">Potency<br>(效价强度)</td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">EC<sub>50</sub></td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">引起 50% 最大效应所需的浓度。EC<sub>50</sub> 越小，效价越高（用药量越少）。</td><br />
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<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">Slope<br>(斜率)</td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">Hill Coeff.</td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">曲线陡峭程度。陡峭意味着剂量微小变化会导致效应剧烈波动，需精准给药。</td><br />
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<h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">安全性：治疗指数</h2><br />
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药物不仅有治疗作用，也有毒性作用。PD 同时研究这两者的关系，以确定安全范围。<br />
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<h3 style="margin-top: 0; color: #9f1239; font-size: 1.1em;">[[Therapeutic Index]] (TI)</h3><br />
<p style="margin-bottom: 0; text-align: justify; font-size: 0.9em; color: #334155;"><br />
$$TI = \frac{LD_{50}}{ED_{50}}$$ (动物实验) &nbsp; 或 &nbsp; $$TI = \frac{TD_{50}}{ED_{50}}$$ (临床)<br />
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● <strong>ED<sub>50</sub> (Median Effective Dose)：</strong> 半数有效量。<br />
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● <strong>TD<sub>50</sub> (Median Toxic Dose)：</strong> 半数中毒量。<br />
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<strong>意义：</strong> TI 越大，药物越安全（如青霉素）。TI 小的药物（如地高辛、华法林）称为“窄治疗窗药物”，需要进行 <strong>[[TDM]] (治疗药物监测)</strong>。<br />
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<span style="color: #0f172a; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.05em; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 15px;">学术参考文献 [Academic Review]</span><br />
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<p style="margin: 12px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; padding-bottom: 10px;"><br />
[1] <strong>Black JW, Leff P. (1983).</strong> <em>Operational models of pharmacological agonism.</em> <strong>[[Proceedings of the Royal Society B]]</strong>. <br><br />
<span style="color: #475569;">[点评]：诺贝尔奖得主 James Black 的经典论文，建立了激动剂与受体相互作用的数学模型，奠定了现代药效学的理论基础。</span><br />
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<p style="margin: 12px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; padding-bottom: 10px;"><br />
[2] <strong>Holford NH, Sheiner LB. (1981).</strong> <em>Understanding the dose-effect relationship: clinical application of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models.</em> <strong>[[Clinical Pharmacokinetics]]</strong>. <br><br />
<span style="color: #475569;">[点评]：详细阐述了 PK/PD 结合模型在临床药物开发和剂量优化中的应用。</span><br />
</p><br />
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<p style="margin: 12px 0;"><br />
[3] <strong>Kenakin T. (2004).</strong> <em>Principles: Receptor theory in pharmacology.</em> <strong>[[Trends in Pharmacological Sciences]]</strong>. <br><br />
<span style="color: #475569;">[点评]：系统综述了受体理论的演变，从简单的“占领学说”到复杂的“变构调节”模型。</span><br />
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药理学核心 · 知识图谱<br />
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<td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">分子机制</td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[Receptor]] • [[Ligand]] • [[Signal Transduction]] • [[Allosteric Regulation]]</td><br />
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<td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">量效参数</td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[EC50]] • [[Emax]] • [[Kd]] (解离常数) • [[Hill Coefficient]]</td><br />
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<td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">相关领域</td><br />
<td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[Pharmacokinetics]] (PK/PD) • [[Toxicology]] • [[Drug Discovery]]</td><br />
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